Hands on experience with Performance Testing of Web Services, Web Application, using Load Runner. Locust. There are lot unique features which Gatling offers compare to other performance testing. Product HighlightsLike Web Services, REST offers no built-in security features, encryption, session management, QoS guarantees, etc. Share. You can convert your SSL certificates. LoadRunner Analysis provides graphs and reports to help you analyze the performance of your system. Sample Videos: Advanced LoadRunner Day 1 Video:. LoadRunner Developer, powered by DevWeb, gives developers the power to create performance tests and share them with performance engineers. The course syllabus is designed by considering the current job. We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Increase team collaboration. Business Administration. (4) C Code for Native queue support, bypassing the JMS mapping layer. Provides IDE to integrate with development environments. As part of this efforts, we have come up with a new course " WebServices Performance Testing Using Loadrunner 12. Execution can be complex because it creates one thread for each user. This option allows us to select one of the two recording options: HTML based. The simplest way to measure effective bandwidth is to determine the rate at which your server sends and receives data. Interview Questions and Answers. Load Test In Load Runner. Hiring multiple candidates. – Uploading any sample. It allows you to create and run load tests for web applications, web services, and databases. In our first tutorial, we saw how to record user actions. With Kobiton’s Performance Testing capabilities, users can integrate real device testing with Load and Stress testing solutions. My problem is that I do not know where. As part of this efforts, we have come up with a new course WebServices Performance Testing Using Loadrunner 12. performance testing embedded throughout the development lifecycle. During a load test, testing software will measure the capacity of your web application via transaction response times. To validate the performance, you need to blend two protocol approach. First,. Performance testing Siebel CRM application is definitely not straightforward as it's a complicated web application which uses Internet explorer's high interactivity framework and the data exchanged required good. usp: This file contains the script’s run logic, including how the actions section run. Manual correlation and automated correlation follow the same steps. Tricentis NeoLoad is a solution for continuous performance testing software to automate API and application load testing. This list of LoadRunner interview questions and answers could lead to your next job as a Loadrunner specialist. As is StormRunner, the cloud hosted version of LoadRunner technology from HP. NET, Ajax, FTP, IMAP, ODBC, RTE and Web (HTTP/HTML) and etc. Now, I will help you choose between these two testing tools by comparing them on the following parameters: Availability. Now,. Education. 5. user by recording its actions on the interface whereas Load Runner doesn’t hassle concerning the interface and records the commands through a proxy. Open the Settings page to change parameters like duration, load pattern, and number of users. List of ALL the Performance Testing Tutorials in this Series: Tutorial #1: Performance Testing Complete Guide (This Tutorial) Tutorial #2: Difference Between Performance, Load and Stress Testing. The latest version of LoadRunner is integrated with Amazon accounts to allow you to use load generators in the cloud. 4) default. LoadRunner results are saved in . LoadRunner is an expensive commercial tool, cumbersome to use, and cannot leverage the open source community for development. In this Web Services Performance Testing Using LoadRunner tutorial, we will learn how to Create SOAP Web Service Scripting using Web Services protocol with VuGen. Recent Reviews. LoadView is an excellent option for DevOps teams and performance testing engineers who want to perform load testing on websites, web apps, APIs, and streaming media with thousands of concurrent connections from a fully managed cloud using real browsers. If your app features extended response times or becomes unstable. BeanShell with Real-Time Use Cases (Only BeanShell) LoadRunner. This comprehensive list of the greatest LoadRunner interview questions and answers 2023 will guide you through the subject and themes such as Performance Testing, Virtual User Generator, Controller, and Analysis. Distributed Load Testing on AWS (DLT) helps you automate the performance testing of your software applications at scale. 2) Kobiton Kobiton offers flexible real device access options, including a public cloud, private cloud, and on-premises. Right Approach to performance test AngularJS or ReactJS applications. It has a long and varied history resulting in its support of over 30 different interfaces, multiple languages for script creation and a promiscuous non-agent based model for monitoring systems. Mastering Peak Traffic with Performance Testing. While recording, after entering the ‘Username‘and ‘Password’ on the Login page, just before clicking on ‘Login’ button, click on ‘Insert Start Transaction’ icon on the floating recording bar. Every time a field service representative makes a repair, he. #1. How to record WebServices in Loadrunner using Web Service and Web(HTTP/HTML) Protocollic cloud providers (Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure Marketplaces) LoadRunner Enterprise offers that options as well so you can dynamically provision hosts on demand with-out having to manage complex infrastructures. LoadRunner Introduction. It exists former to test applications, measuring system behaviour. I have the following code in the action () in Action. Not only web applications, but we can also use LoadRunner for performance testing of databases, serverside applications etc. Here, you have the option of creating your own test plans, testing criteria and testing scenario. It is used to test applications , measuring system behavior and performance under load. Its central management capability is the FIORI Dashboard. It is used to performance test an application under the load. LoadRunner Developer is a lightweight tool and cross-platform solution for web testing, powered by the DevWeb engine. Apache Jmeter is a popular open-source performance testing tool, a 100% pure Java application designed to load test functional behavior and measure performance. This will import all the definitions into swaggerApi. 4) web_custom_request(): This function is used to create a custom HTTP request using any method or body. Go to members page by clicking on Members tab. Energy Testing With LoadRunner Basics go Advanced with LoadRunner Enterprise (LRE), Dynatrace & AppDynamics; LoadRunner Enterprise (LRE) equipped Network Virtualization (NV) & Services Virtualization (SV) Perform Testing Real Time Project With LoadRunner; Mobile Service Testing; TruClient Protocol Using. Here we have covered LoadRunner Interview Questions asked in companies. Loadrunner from Micro Focus is the most widely used Load Testing tool. Jun 27, 2023· Performance Testing using LoadRunner 12. For web app testing, JMeter is a great tool. Performance testing Using LoadRunner (Basics + advanced) SAP Performance Testing Using Loadrunner (SAP GUI Scripting) We, at Isha, continue to strive hard to create new courses for Performance Testers. Following is a step-by-step guide to plan and execute a load test. Performance testing metrics are used to evaluate the application performance parameters and to identify which areas of the application are. Now do the settings in scenario and run the test. By simulating user behavior, LoadRunner can help identify potential performance issues and bottlenecks, allowing developers. Click Certificates. It is a subset of stress and load testing. Performance Getting Using LoadRunner Basics to Advanced with LoadRunner Undertaking (LRE), Dynatrace & AppDynamics; LoadRunner Enterprise (LRE) with Network Virtualization (NV) & Service Virtualization (SV) As part of this efforts, we have come up with a new course " WebServices Performance Testing Using Loadrunner 12. Three common performance tester soft skills are analytical skills, communication skills and problem-solving skills. Methods of load testing: Volume Testing: A type of load testing called volume testing is used to gauge how well a program performs when dealing with a lot of data. LoadRunner is an software testing tool from Micros Emphasis. The course syllabus is designed by considering the current job market trends and industry requirements. This can be done manually, with automation via script-based solutions like Appium, and using. API (WebServices) Performance Testing Using LoadRunner – Isha. I have the following code in the action () in Action. 4- Incorporate the script in a LoadRunner scenario. JMeter is an open-source application testing tool available for performance testing. not only can confidently handle interviews but also handle Performance Testing projects pertaining to SOAP and RESTful Web services . In LoadRunner, arranging scripts takes up more time and resources, and it is more complex because it. You can look to the cloud to dramatically reduceThis course is designed to enable participants to learn, experiment and implement the concepts involving in HP Load Runner 8. During load testing, you can monitor response times, throughput, server conditions, and more. Load testing includes increasing the load and see how the system behaves under higher load. Learn all the basics and advanced concepts with Hands-on examples. Dynamic values: The values that are generated and sent by the server. Leverage hundreds of load generators in minutes. As part of this efforts, we have come up with a new course " WebServices Performance Testing Using Loadrunner. HP Loadrunner 소개 제품명: Loadrunner 버전: 11. Performance testing. UI load testing uses tools and techniques like Selenium, Load View, JMeter, or LoadRunner. Web Services Tutorial: Components, Architecture, Types & Examples. The best way to generate DevWeb script is using HAR file. The best way to generate DevWeb script is using HAR file. Isha presents an Extensive and highly interactive “LoadRunner Courses” by our industry expert with 14+ years of hands-on experience. Select the service you just added on the “Service” drop down list. (2) JMS with Java Code in Java Template virtual User. 5. It has reduced the scripting time to about 50%. Test scenarios are less complex in JMeter. Q3. Apache JMeter, an open-source load testing tool, is built on a Java platform. Anyone who needs to perform Performance Testing using Loadrunner. JMeter can show the test result in Graph format. Since the mentioned services are HTTP based RESTful services, we need the HTTP Request Sampler to perform the service call. JAX-RPC is an API method that is implemented to develop XML based web services using RPC. #2. Gatling is a continuous load-testing tool for web applications. Select the jar provided to you by the development team. Experienced in Ecommerce, Retail, and Insurance domains. I have been approached to performance test a application making use of dll files. I have been questions up do adenine proving of concept for performance testing an application which my organization will be hosting on Amazon Net Services. Isha presents an Extensive and highly interactive “LoadRunner Courses” by our industry expert with 14+ years of hands-on experience. The LoadRunner Enterprise REST API enables you to write applications to create and run performance tests without using the LoadRunner. Concepts of Performance Testing. Tutorial #2. 4) default. JMeter and LoadRunner are popular tools for performance testing and load testing of web applications, web services, databases, and other systems. With a pay-per-use model in adoption, cloud-based testing tools become a go-to option for organizations to reduce unnecessary costs. Lighthouse is an open-source tool. Hiring managers may ask this question to assess whether you have a basic understanding of how to conduct a performance test using LoadRunner. As little as 5 days are required to execute a Security Test that combines a Performance Test against your firewall. DevWeb scripts can be used as part of your API performance testing. NET, Oracle, and SAP. LoadRunner can simulate millions of users concurrently using application software, recording and later analyzing the performance of key components of the application whilst under load. network and server resources to help you improve performance. Also we will see about what is a start transaction, end transactio. First of all, we select the test scenarios that are required to be performance tested. Read more. LoadRunner. . Choose the appropriate protocol and define. Experience with SOAP UI and web services testing; Experience working with DevOps teams & tools; Tools experience -using Cloudtest now, Loadrunner, or Jmeter3; Experience using HP Load Runner and/or Performance Center; Work cooperatively in a group environment to achieve common goals; ability to build and maintain effective. The scripting of the SAP FIORI Dashboard is the new challenge for performance testing with HP LoadRunner because of two reasons. Here are a few points about me: Having overall 7+ years of IT experience exclusively in Performance Engineering and Automation testing. Performance Engineering with the LoadRunner Family. HP LoadRunner allows us to easily simulate HTTP calls through the web_custom_request function. Select Java -> Java Application and click Next. Achieve better test accuracy by emulating real-world network conditions and eliminate bottlenecks and dependencies by creating realistic API simulations. Network bandwidth availability is a function of the organization's network infrastructure. These tests There are four steps for developing a vuser script. 5 (Advanced+Basics) · Performance Testing Using Jmeter · WebServices Performance Testing Using. Learn all the basic and advanced performance testing concepts with hands-on practical examples. a. Provide Performance Testing Services for several web based and Web Services/SOA applications in a lead capacity, using HP/Mercury LoadRunner 11. Developed LoadRunner scripting using Web Services and web-protocols. It’s equally optimized for testing legacy system applications, ERP software, and Web 2. Performance Testing Using LoadRunner Basics to Advanced with LoadRunner Enterprise (LRE), Dynatrace & AppDynamics ( Grafana, CI/CD Pipeline – Jenkins, Virtual Table Server, Load Balancer algorithms, Truclient, GC Mechanism, Webservices). ADM Market Insights: Leveraging Shift-Left Testing in Performance Engineering. The most common questions about performance testing are around selecting tools. Import API File – Step 2. Introduction. API testing with. SAP ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is in enterprise resource management desktop that top the work of an entire company. The course syllabus is designed by. It supports all types of browsers, web services. Read up on web_custom_request () and overall architecture for RESTful web services. LoadRunner Family for SAP Whether you need to test performance of SAP Cloud solutions at a massive scale or require a central solution for cross Agile and DevOps teams, the OpenText LoadRunner Family covers all SAP tech-nologies for proactive, expedited, and continuous testing ensuring high-performing applications. Apache JMeter is a recommended tool for web application performance testing due to its versatility and. The company has deep business process and industry expertise. Go to Design > Insert in Script > REST API or press Ctrl + Shift + W; REST API in LoadRunner. Plan an Effective Load Test. So, yes, you can test applications with user interfaces developed using the ReactJS framework. UFT Pro) . Performance test scenarios. #22) Loadstorm. user1 etc. In LoadRunner add a web_url function with the following values: Next, bring up the Run-time Settings enable the Extended Log with all its options: Run the script should return the response from the RESTful service. 3, which is a good time to take a closer look at what it. 3) default. LoadRunner can simulate thousands of users concurrently using application software, recording and later analyzing the performance of key components of the application. 2. LoadRunner is a tool for performance testing. Apache JMeter. The software market currently has a variety of performance testing tools, so you need to find out the most reliable tool for. 2. This last item is not tool. The whole process takes place in the TruClient browser that is modified to be an emulator. 3- Define the various run-time settings & check. Entry level candidates who wants to learn Performance Testing Using Jmeter. QA engineers prefer Gatling. Loadrunner and drawbacks using only webservice testing. Creating dynamic scripts through correlation and parameterization The performance testing team can use correlation toThe tool also includes automated correlation to find and replace session IDs, time, and other dynamic values. This should provide a path for you in the integration with LoadRunner. It’s worth noting that Loadrunner is not restricted to testing web apps and services alone. With support for native mobile, Web and hybrid applications, you can easily test against any platform and OS. Collectives™ on Stack Overflow – Centralised & trusted contents around which technics you use the most. lra file. Apache JMeter is a great load testing tool for developers. The only supported way to make Access available to multiple users is through SMB, which will cache the file if a single computer is using it, and this process is built into Windows and not controllable through JMeter. as I have worked with HTTP/HTML/Web Services/Oracle NCA/ API's, etc. With Kobiton’s Performance Testing capabilities, users can integrate real device testing with Load and Stress testing solutions. System Resource: Using the LoadRunner Enterprise resource monitors, you can monitor the Windows, UNIX, SiteScope, and SNMP system resource usage on a machine during a test run, and determine why a bottleneck occurred on a particular machine. Because of the VB virtual user type there is support for OleDB type connectivity. For creating and conducting tests, it provides both a command-line utility and a graphical user. 8. As part of this efforts, we have come up with a new course " WebServices Performance Testing Using Loadrunner. JMeter vs LoadRunner: Parameters of Comparison. In LoadRunner Enterprise, click Open the navigation toolbar and select Download Applications > Standalone Analysis. 50 (SOAP &REST) . Number of Threads: 100 (Number of users connects to the target website: 100) The Thread Count and The Loop Counts are different. Login to application. In the next tutorial, we will learn VuGen script files and Runtime settings. And hoping with the new environment, the server performance should better to serve those heavy load queries. 1. 2. Description. Once you download java, JMeter can be used to upload your JMeter script file and run your test. #3. BeanShell with Real-Time Use Cases (Only BeanShell) LoadRunner. . Planning and execution of a performance test require a different set of activities that are common to every performance test irrespective of the tool we use. We will use the below script to store the value of the. Around 7 years of experience in Performance testing using SOASTA Akamai CloudTest, Load Runner and Apache JMeter. To help evaluate your web applications’ performance, DevWeb focuses on communication at the HTTP transport level and over WebSockets, enabling testing against all web technologies. Learn more about Vuser Script development in the Video tutorial here. 1. This section lists available API references for working with LoadRunner Enterprise and LoadRunner Enterprise Administration. Scale to new heights with flexible licensing. This is a great tool as this is less expensive compared to the. This is a great tool as this is less expensive compared to the. I kept the parameter type as Iteration Number and text format as user%d (eg. Learn all the basic and advanced performance testing concepts with hands-on practical examples. Usually you want to test the performance of some server that serves several clients via some form of communication. . Click the. you evaluate the performance of your web application/services, DevWeb is a lightweight and scalable LoadRunner protocol that com municates over HTTP and WebSocket and can assist in API testing. Due to this reason, skilled UFT professionals are always in demand. OpenText™ LoadRunner Cloud makes it easy to plan, run, and. Sr. Enter any meaningful name. NewtoLoadRunner Reconfirm your core skills. Performance Validation Using LoadRunner Basics for Advanced with LoadRunner Enterprise (LRE), Dynatrace & AppDynamics; LoadRunner Enterprise (LRE) with Network Virtualization (NV) & Service Virtualization (SV) Performance Testing Real Time Project With. About LoadRunner Enterprise REST APIs. It is another performance (load) testing tool. Siebel-Web is a protocol in LoadRunner, probably created to handle web-services/pages created with the Siebel CRM platform. There are limited infrmation available on the net regarding performance testing in loadrunner using dll files. Testing webservice with LoadRunner/Performance Center. Workshop Benefits. x, Performance Center/ALM 11. How much load we can generate from a LG;Performance testing in the cloud enables organizations to get rid of these expenses. war file in load runner with web services protocal. JMeter. After running a test, collate and analyze. Especially when the servers are located far away from end user, this can cause big performance problems. This online course is geared to make you a Loadrunner pro!Hope doing good and have done work on web services application testing by using Load Runner. This will give you high flexibility for writing various logic for performance requirements. LoadRunner is a good tool to use and is most widely used. Centralizes infrastructure and resources. VuGen prompts for transaction name. Reduces scripting time with scripting and debugging engine. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario. With this, it becomes easy to evaluate. It offers consumers a variety of performance testing and integration capabilities. The average transaction response times will be measured at set. Shows team data, progress, and runs in real-time. LoadUI Pro. usp: This file contains the script’s run logic, including how the actions section. Here is all new and improved Performance testing with LoadRunner online training course of 35+ hours conducted by the LoadRunner expert having 13+ years of practical industry experience!. • Load and Save Elements. UI load testing uses tools and techniques like Selenium, Load View, JMeter, or LoadRunner. forName ("oracle. the Service Level Agreement section of the Design tab. If measured by the number of Web services that. you evaluate the performance of your web application/services, DevWeb is a lightweight and scalable LoadRunner protocol that com municates over HTTP and WebSocket and can assist in API testing. The most mature, and widely used open source load testing tool available. Why not use the Web Services Vuser? Performance Testing Realistic Time Go with JMeter; BeanShell are Real-Time Use Instances (Only BeanShell) LoadRunner. JMeter vs LoadRunner: Parameters of Comparison. For Example, when a user performs an action (example login), one ‘login. Specialized tools designed specifically for performance testing web applications that utilize JavaScript can quickly and easily conduct this type of testing. To contribute to the organization’s growth and goal, as well as to attain. Loadrunner from Micro Focus is the most widely used Load Testing tool. Day -1 Planning an Effective Load Test • What is performance testing • Fundamentals behind performance Testing • Define measurable goals for testing • Gather information before testing • Document and organize system information • Cookies and Sessions Recording • Structure the script based on planning • Use VuGen to record a Vuser script. Since LoadView is cloud-based, engineers and testers can quickly spin up and scale load tests depending on their load requirements. 50 (Basics + Advanced)". Because of the JAva Virtual User type there is support for JDBC. user1 etc. LoadRunner is a software testing tool from OpenText. Around 5+ Years of experience in Automation Testing and Performance Testing using Selenium, TestNG, JUnit, Jenkins, Maven, Git, Cucumber, JMeter, HP QC, LoadRunner, QTP, SOAPUI, ALM, JavaScript, Appium, HTML and CSS for Financial, Healthcare, Insurance domain and commerce applications. For better understanding, we’ve explained how LoadRunner works with practical examples. Performance Testing Apps that Use JavaScript. Enter the URL you want to test and the HTTP method (GET/ PUT, etc). SAP FIORI is the new standard UI for all SAP applications. For better understanding, we’ve explained how LoadRunner works with practical examples. Performance Tester Resume. List each step you take during the performance testing life cycle chronologically to demonstrate your knowledge of this. Tell us about the next upstream component from excel? Is it connecting directly to the database or is it going through a web services or other application server layer?Many performance testing tools support EBS like OATS, LoadRunner, Neoload, RPT with BSD Oracle Apps Extension. LoadRunner: LoadRunner is a sophisticated load testing tool that lets you detect performance issues in web applications, ERP software, and legacy system applications. DevWeb. ,). To measure the end-to-end performance you need to follow the below approach: Start measuring the performance. Having a soapui project with a testsuite consisting of multiple web service calls representing a user performing a business process and correlating i. based on your performance testing needs. First, add a Thread Group. Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand ; Advertising Reach developers & technologists worldwide; About the companyvideo shows how to test a web service using HP's LoadRunner. However methods should you examination your SAP’s performance press whatever tools to pick?As part of this efforts, we have come up with a new course " Scripting for SAP GUI Protocol Using HP LoadRunner 12. It was created with a developer mindset, to provide developers, performance engineers, and ops engineers with maximum flexibility. In order to record a new application, open File => New Script, and Solution. JMeter BeanShell Scripting Part 2. Nothing stops you from writing your own parser to read a WADL and output appropriate web_custom_request () syntax…should that be the route you decide to take. -Appvance , it a new one, but has very good features. It also has some features for finding out if there are any gaps during system upgrades, too. you evaluate the performance of your web application/services, DevWeb is a lightweight and scalable LoadRunner protocol that com municates over HTTP and WebSocket and can assist in API testing. Unlike UFT GUI, it allows running multiple Vusers on the same Load Generator. Performance testing Using LoadRunner (Basics + advanced) SAP Performance Testing Using Loadrunner (SAP GUI Scripting) We, at Isha, continue to strive hard to create new. It can detect and prevent issues in web applications before they enter the implementation or deployment phases. IT supports ODBC. 50 (SOAP &REST) . While recording, after entering the ‘Username‘and ‘Password’ on the Login page, just before clicking on ‘Login’ button, click on ‘Insert Start Transaction’ icon on the floating recording bar. Result Gathering and Analysis. Load Run ner Cloud, a Cloud Performance test - ing solution, makes it easy to code load testing into your mobile and web apps, so testing can occur earlier, more often, and with much less effort over the entire development lifecycle. Here is our all new and improved Performance testing with LoadRunner training course of 33+ hours conducted by the LoadRunner expert having 14+ years of practical industry experience! Learn all the basic and advanced performance testing concepts with hands-on practical examples. It is always good to use a code base performance testing tool like Gatling over JMeter/LoadRunner. For Example, when a user performs an action (example login), one. Are this Web Services Performance Testing Using LoadRunner tutorial, we bequeath learn whereby up Create BATH Web Service System using Web Services protocol with VuGen. Here is all new and improved Performance testing with LoadRunner online training course of 35+ hours conducted by the LoadRunner expert having 13+ years of practical industry experience!. Loadrunner Quiz. Load Testing Tools. (i) HTML based: HTML based recording is also called as context-sensitive (or context based) recording. Speed – Determines whether the application responds quickly. His core competency includes performance testing using LoadRunner, Jmeter, Performance Center and StromRunner Load. This tutorial will guide you on How to handle some real-time challenges in VuGen scripting along with few other other scenarios that we would come across while working on various applications. Most common Performance. It is possible to download a free version of LoadRunner that will support 50 virtual users and can be used for all protocols except for a handful. The steps to do the assessment in that application is below: 1. Defining performance metrics, analyzing the usage of the application, conducting test by both Manual Scenario in Percentage mode and Through Goal Oriented Scenario. 3. Pass User. Answer the security question. Web Services Testing Using Apache HTTP Client. Creating SOAP WS scripts Via Web Services Protocol. 2) Kobiton Kobiton offers flexible real device access options, including a public cloud, private cloud, and on-premises. Gatling. It is used to test applications. lrr file and can be viewed using Analysis. We support performance testing for the widest range of protocols and more than 50 technologies and application environments. Previous Next. LoadRunner supports various development tools, technologies and communication protocols. Testing webservice with LoadRunner/Performance Center. Reduces scripting time with scripting and debugging engine. In addition, QA engineers can transfer test tools across many browsers. LoadRunner supports connectivity with many native for SQL Server (Sybase and Microsoft variants), DB2, ORACLE and others. Another (long shot) option is to try LeanFT (a. New Project will be created. At the end of this course, you not. In this Video, let us see how to create a web application script using Vugen in LoadRunner. #2) Soasta Click here to check the official website. I am new to Performance Testing and Load Runner. Load Testing Tools. Web Service Scripting. I am using HPE LoadRunner 12. In this article, we will share the base of how ours test SAP ERP with Loadrunner. SUMMARY. 0.